Yet another related control problem may be to minimize the total monetary cost of completing the trip, given assumed monetary prices for time and fuel.Ī more abstract framework goes as follows. Constraints are often interchangeable with the cost function.Īnother related optimal control problem may be to find the way to drive the car so as to minimize its fuel consumption, given that it must complete a given course in a time not exceeding some amount. For example, the amount of available fuel might be limited, the accelerator pedal cannot be pushed through the floor of the car, speed limits, etc.Ī proper cost function will be a mathematical expression giving the traveling time as a function of the speed, geometrical considerations, and initial conditions of the system. Control problems usually include ancillary constraints. The system consists of both the car and the road, and the optimality criterion is the minimization of the total traveling time. The question is, how should the driver press the accelerator pedal in order to minimize the total traveling time? In this example, the term control law refers specifically to the way in which the driver presses the accelerator and shifts the gears. Consider a car traveling in a straight line on a hilly road. The optimal control can be derived using Pontryagin's maximum principle (a necessary condition also known as Pontryagin's minimum principle or simply Pontryagin's principle), or by solving the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation (a sufficient condition). An optimal control is a set of differential equations describing the paths of the control variables that minimize the cost function. A control problem includes a cost functional that is a function of state and control variables. Optimal control deals with the problem of finding a control law for a given system such that a certain optimality criterion is achieved. Optimal control can be seen as a control strategy in control theory. The method is largely due to the work of Lev Pontryagin and Richard Bellman in the 1950s, after contributions to calculus of variations by Edward J. Optimal control is an extension of the calculus of variations, and is a mathematical optimization method for deriving control policies. A dynamical system may also be introduced to embed operations research problems within the framework of optimal control theory. Or the dynamical system could be a nation's economy, with the objective to minimize unemployment the controls in this case could be fiscal and monetary policy. For example, the dynamical system might be a spacecraft with controls corresponding to rocket thrusters, and the objective might be to reach the Moon with minimum fuel expenditure. It has numerous applications in science, engineering and operations research. Optimal control theory is a branch of control theory that deals with finding a control for a dynamical system over a period of time such that an objective function is optimized. Mathematical way of attaining a desired output from a dynamic system Optimal control problem benchmark (Luus) with an integral objective, inequality, and differential constraint
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Elmo’s Coffee Pub.īut enough about George and his revolutionary posse. Having done everything there was to do back then-surveying, fighting battles, forming alliances, running the country, knocking back large vats of Madeira and distilling whiskey, dancing, hunting foxes (the animal, not Sally Fairfax)-and since he had no natural-born heirs, we could all be related to him but only tangentially through Martha’s heirs. Just like over 225 years ago, he’s simply everywhere. For others, this will serve as a refresher course on why you’re justifiably proud to be here in Alexandria. But I will take you on a quick excursion to introduce those new to the area to some names you’ll recognize. (Editor’s note: Agreed.) Besides, it’s been done before. Now, I’m not going to do a complete rundown because, as I mentioned above, it is a pretty exhaustive list, and my editor would have a seizure. This is where the six degrees kicks into high gear. The A-listers of current or former Alexandrians is a Who’s-Who of American entrepreneurs, politicians, educators, inventors, society, entertainers, sports figures, and activists. How about that strange feeling you get when you learn that your father was a friend-of-a-friend-of-a-friend-who-knew-a-guy-who-was-fourth-cousin-to-a-lady-who-was-Martha-Washington’s-cook’s-great-grandson? You might not hit it off with the Gucci-clad blond at the bar with this line, but it would make an avocational historian swoon. Maybe not all of us, but some, I’m sure, harbor a secret desire to find they are related to George Washington or any number of Virginia’s Founding Fathers. To what degree separates you from these luminaries? Often appearing under the radar are Alexandrians who, by birth, career, familial relocations, or by pure happenstance, have achieved greatness and may be sitting on the next bar stool. or a movie idol on break from shooting a DMV-based film. You can’t swing a cat without hitting a political denizen of D.C. There will be the academic purists out there who will doubtlessly take issue with my simple-minded description of the phenomenon, but it goes something like this: You start researching a chain of relations and by the sixth connection, you will have a connection with a celebrity, royalty, or other notable or notorious individual.Īlexandrians sipping a libation at Landini’s have bumped into many a celebrity over the years. The concept essentially says we are all related to nearly everyone else by six degrees. The six degrees of separation comes from Hungarian author, playwright, poet, journalist, and translator Frigyes Karinthy, who was the first to popularize the concept in his 1929 short story “Chains.” The friend-of-a-friend concept was also popularized in the 1990 play by John Guare, Six Degrees of Separation. Witness the Beatles.Įven if we don’t experience that brush with greatness ourselves, we have the potential to encounter the “six degrees of separation” if we take the time to research the links. The whiff of celebrity can be intoxicating for some people that excitement that ignites a giddy sensation, generates a wide smile on one’s face, a knowing look, or even a gasp or a scream. (Alexandria archives)Īlexandria, VA – There are those among us who love the brush with greatness. The railyard and roundhouse in Alexandria, now the location of the U.S. The brush is then cycled 50 times back and forth across the surface. This specification for surface abrasion and indentation resistance, as well as soft- and hard-body impact, details three classification levels in each of the performance categories.Ī sample is placed under a wire brush weighted with 25 lbs. Identified in the IBC®, gypsum panel products claiming abuse resistance must be tested to ASTM C1629, Standard Classification for Abuse-Resistant Nondecorated Interior Gypsum Panel Products and Fiber-Reinforced Cement Panels. Classified Informationīuilding design must consider the purpose of a structure and the type of environment it will house to determine the appropriate level of abuse resistance to incorporate. Many municipalities are now adopting International Building Code® (IBC®) standards that require greater levels of abuse and impact resistance in several critical areas (such as stairwell and elevator hoistway enclosures), which ensures the safety of the property and its occupants. Remember, before selecting materials for your project, be sure to check with your local building code authority. Means of egress, such as stairwells and elevator hoistway enclosures.School classrooms, cafeterias, gymnasiums, and hallways.Hospital hallways, emergency, surgical, and patient rooms.Ideal areas for higher-performing abuse- and impact-resistant gypsum panel products include, but are not limited to: From a lifecycle perspective, it is often less expensive to invest in abuse- and impact-resistant materials in high-traffic areas as a first cost, rather than paying ongoing expenses to maintain and repair standard drywall partitions. Owners and facility managers often track both the delivered costs of their facilities and ongoing repair & maintenance costs. Worse yet, if not properly maintained, building owners may be faced with underperforming surfaces, significant maintenance costs, and potential life safety issues. If the materials used are not more durable than others more suitable for normal use, the condition of the walls quickly erode. Inherently, these areas are more prone to scraping and bumping, and therefore, damage. The following are the five most important things designers, contractors, maintenance personnel, and building owners should know about abuse and impact resistance:Īll commercial and institutional buildings have high-traffic areas where people and objects pass through. Investing in gypsum panel products ideally suited for high-traffic areas will often eliminate ongoing maintenance expenses over standard drywall, adding years of reliable durability and safety to the spaces that need it most. From scuffs and marks to dents and holes, your walls can always benefit from added abuse resistance. Criteria 7.9c: To be in compliance with the criteria we require that projects use a non-paper-faced backing material such as cement board, fiber cement board, or equivalent in portions of the bathroom in the following areas that are susceptible to bulk moisture damage (i.e.Over its life, a wall system can take a beating. If using a product other than the above, please supply a cut sheet showing that it meets the applicable standard.Įnterprise Green Communities has additional requirements for installation as follows: There may be other products available, but here are a few examples: Energy Star also allows products meeting ASTM D6329. These requirements do not apply to powder rooms. LEED and Enterprise require either a paperless product or one meeting mold-resistant standard ASTM D3273(with score of 10). All of these programs prohibit the use of typical “green board.” LEED for Homes, Enterprise Green Communities and Energy Star have certain requirements for wallboard installed in moisture prone locations such as bathrooms. 21: Why Jiu-Jitsu is the Key to Tua Tagovailoa's 2023 Season Connor O'Halloran toured the small town of Burnley with the Watt's, and he talked to them about their experience with the team, the fans who love the club, and why they wanted to buy into English soccer.Īug. Watt and his wife Kealia are minority owners in Burnley FC. And while Ted Lasso might be finished (for now), there are some real life examples of American athletes and celebrities getting involved with English football: LeBron James has been a partial investor in Liverpool FC since 2011, Tom Brady is an investor of Birmingham City, Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney own Wrexham FC, and as of May: J.J. Stop us if you've heard this before: American football icon travels across the Atlantic to inspire a small market English football club and in the process, falls in love with the people and community. Watt, Tom Brady, and Ryan Reynolds Are Investing In British Soccer Bill Barnwell delivers his annual dissertation on which teams are set to rise and which can expect a fall when all is said and done this NFL season.Īug. Those great expectations can end in playoff appearances and Super Bowl wins, or missed opportunities and overwhelming disappointment. So with the start of the NFL season right around the corner, fans throughout the league are filled with hope and anticipation that the beginning of a new year always brings. The Minnesota Vikings decided that now is the time to look to the future, despite winning 13 games in 2022. Head coach Sean Payton returns to the sidelines in hopes of fixing Russell Wilson and the Denver Broncos. 23: Bill Barnwell Predicts This Season's NFL Risers and FallersĪs always the offseason brought a ton of change: In Chicago, the Bears doubled down on their franchise quarterback, Justin Fields, and surrounded him with talent. So today, Alyssa Roenigk tells us why Simone Biles is ready to begin again.and how since Tokyo, everything has changed for US gymnastics.Īug. But now, she intends to return to the Games at the 2024 Paris Olympics. Back in 2021, Biles pulled out of the Tokyo Olympics due to mental health concerns - and many wondered if that was the last time we'd ever see her on the mat. Biles returned to competition at the US Classic in early August, where she became an all around champion after a two-year hiatus from gymnastics. While we've hit a break in Taylor Swift's Eras Tour, Simone Biles' leg has just begun. 24: Simone Biles is Back: What Are Her Paris 2024 Chances? So today, ahead of their season opener this weekend, ESPN's Paolo Uggetti tells us how Williams has been prepping for the new season, what USC has done to address their glaring holes on theĪug. Giving away a 15-point fourth quarter lead to Tulane in the Cotton Bowl only rubbed salt in the wounds, and the Achilles heel of this team became evident, as their defense ended the year one of the worst in the nation. But the dream came to a sudden halt in the Pac-12 Championship Game, as the Trojans lost to Utah for the second time in 2022. Williams cemented himself as the best player in the nation throughout his Heisman-winning campaign, and there was an electricity surrounding the Coliseum that hadn't been felt in a generation. Led by a flashy new coach in Lincoln Riley - who brought his star quarterback Caleb Williams with him - the Trojans finished with an 8-1 record in the Pac-12. The 2022 college football season was almost a dream for USC. 25: Can Caleb Williams and USC Finish the Job? Depe nding on the day and time, recent episodes might only appear in the playlist above.Īug. Many podcast platforms limit the number of episodes in the show feed, but the entire archive of ESPN Daily episodes is available in the playlist above and the list below. It's a great way to ensure you didn't miss any of our favorite stories of the year. We've assembled a collection of our best episodes of 2022. It's where the breaking news of SportsCenter meets the deep dive storytelling of 30 for 30. Monday to Friday, we bring you an inside look at the most interesting stories at ESPN, as told by the top reporters and insiders on the planet. The ESPN Daily podcast: How to listen, episode guide and moreĮSPN Daily kicks off your morning with the best sports story you'll hear all day. You have reached a degraded version of because you're using an unsupported version of Internet Explorer.įor a complete experience, please upgrade or use a supported browser If that doesn’t give you the effect you have in mind, it’s an easy matter to change it for, say, a pale limestone surface or something vivid and colourful in little glass mosaic tiles. Imagine being able to apply an attractive basalt stone surface to your kitchen design in no time.
New categories, such as the MTB, gravel bike, and last but not least, e-bike, created completely new market segments and presented hitherto unknown challenges for tires. The bike world has become more and more diverse over the years. The launch of the legendary Schwalbe Marathon tire in 1983, with its unprecedented mileage, was met with great enthusiasm by keen cyclists, bicycle dealers and trade journalists. It was in this context that Schwalbe – established in 1973 – emerged as a standard-setter in the bicycle tire market. In the 1980s, cycling re-established itself as a popular trend as more and more people got back on the saddle. In the first decades after the Second World War, the bicycle tire was considered an interchangeable mass product that could practically not be improved on. From mass-produced product to innovation driver. At Schwalbe, we work to continually refine and improve this riding sensation – day in, day out. Sounds technical? The sum of these properties is tangible to every cyclist: as an optimum riding experience. Ideally, the tire combines such characteristics as maximum grip, high mileage, optimum rolling properties, low weight and reliable resistance to punctures. The choice of tire not only determines how well the wheel grips the ground but also influences how easily and comfortably the bike rolls. Whether you have a city bike, touring bike, road bike, gravel bike or MTB: The tires affect the riding experience like no other bike component. Tire technology for the optimum riding experience. Scotus maintains that in this kind of recall the cognizer has the past act as her immediate object and the (sensory) object of that act as her remote object. the sense memory is responsible for remembering past sensations, and the objects of those sensations, as past. Sense memory stores sensible species (UC4): “sense memory has the pastness of its objects attached to it in some way. The phantasm … represents with its whole power the object as singular to the imagination (virtuti phantasticae), for there is then an actual imagination of that object in the singular.” (Cross, 2014) The imagination is such that it can have acts whose contents are fixed by the phantasms: There is nothing surprising about this, since no one holds that imagination requires the presence of its objects, or that it is perceptual. So there is a kind of sense cognition that is non-perceptual, and the phantasm is the relevant habit or species that allows for this kind of cognition. As he sees it, the imagination conjures up things irrespective of their being past (Imagination) stores and recalls sense images, sensible species in the absence of their objects creates phantasms (UC3): “The imagination stores sense images in the absence of their objects, and is the faculty that recalls such images. Scotus is happy to affirm, with Aristotle, that the common sense perceives time and magnitude-the common sensibles.” (Cross, 2014) ( Common sense) distinguishes sensations and perceives what we sense, and also time and magnitude (UC2): “the common sense is responsible for distinguishing different sorts of sensations from each other (sounds from sights, for example), and that it is responsible for perceiving that we sense. This is sensation per accidens.” (Normore, 2003)Įxternal senses are: touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste Speaking more broadly, one sees darkness, or sees a human being. (5 EXTERNAL SENSES) apprehend the sensible quality of an external object (UC1): “The simplest form of sensation, sensation per se, occurs when one of the five external senses apprehends the sensible quality that is its proper object: when sight sees color, for instance, or hearing hears sounds. Scotus on intuitive and abstractive cognition Yet despite this uncertainty, shale production continues to grow, albeit more slowly and modestly than during the peak boom years. According to one of them, Saxo Bank's commodity chief Ole Hansen, the addition of WTI to the Brent crude basket will not have much of an impact on prices. Some industry observers have pointed to uncertainty about the production growth prospects of the shale patch, which currently provides most of U.S. oil production," according to Aaron Brady, a VP of energy oil market services at S&P Global, who spoke to the Houston Chronicle. crude exports originate from Texas ports, and most of the crude shipped out originates from the Permian basin, which has been the growth engine for U.S. That's because "The vast majority of U.S. Permian oil production will be particularly relevant when WTI is added to the Brent crude basket. fundamentals such as Strategic Petroleum Reserve releases and Permian production," Rebecca Babin, senior energy trader at IBC Private Wealth US, told Reuters. "Bottom line for Brent is that it will be much more influenced by U.S. political, economic, and industry developments would come to have a much bigger effect on Brent crude prices than before. It will come to dominate it, and this means that U.S. According to some analysts, WTI will not just become another member of the Brent crude basket. Related: Large Crude Inventory Draw Jolts Oil Prices "WTI Midland is the best candidate for this because it already has a fairly similar refining slate to most of the North Sea grades," S&P Global's director for crude and fuel oil markets told Reuters. This has pulled down crude oil prices-or, at a minimum, capped gains.At the same time, the amount of WTI crude that is arriving in Europe daily has increased massively, hitting 1.25 million bpd last month, making it a perfect candidate for the international benchmark basket, according to S&P Global, which is making the addition. While China’s oil demand has indeed been on the rise, manufacturing activity in the world’s top oil importer has been lackluster compared to projections. lawmakers are on track to come up with a deal on the debt ceiling that would allow it to keep paying its bills.Ĭhina’s oil demand has been somewhat of a disappointment compared to bullish manufacturing outlooks that have failed to materialize in full. Another significant force is the signs that U.S. crude oil inventories, and Russia’s mysterious crude oil production levels. Forces at play in the oil markets this week are the ever-present China demand outlook, OPEC+’s upcoming meeting, the Fed’s future interest rate plans, rising U.S. This week has been a rollercoaster for crude oil prices, first sent spiraling downward at the beginning of the week before reclaiming much of the lost ground toward the end. While it hasn’t erased all of the week’s losses, it has recouped more than half. The Brent crude oil benchmark had risen $2.58 (3.55%) per barrel to $75.18. WTI was sent back up above the $70 threshold to $70.96-a $2.87 (+4.22%) rise on the day. Crude oil prices turned around on Thursday, erasing most of the week’s earlier losses despite the latest EIA report that indicated crude oil inventories rose more than expected. |
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